Civil Engineering

Technology used to protect building from damaging earthquake effect are Base Isolation Devices Seismic Dampers  In Base Isolation Device the...

First question arise why there is need of reducing earthquake effect on buildings.  Due to Seismic Design structural buildings do not collap...

Structure of Earth Structure of earth Interior is divided into:  Crust Mantle Core   Crust   Uppermost part   Solid Thickness exte...

Seismology Introduction  Seismology or Earthquake engineering is defined as branch of science which deal with study of earthquake. Seismolo...

Plate Tectonics According to this theory large amount of material mass join together form earth. Large amount of heat was generated during f...

Faults Displacement in strata of the same rock take place , either vertically or horizontally. Such offset of geological structure are calle...

Cause of Earthquake 1.Natural disturbances 2. Artificial disturbances  1. Natural disturbance which  cause earthquake are:  a) Volcanic cau...

Basic terminology of Earthquake Hypocenter Basic terminology of earthquake                     Point from where earthquake originate....

What happens during earthquake? In an Earthquake, -Seismic Waves arise from sudden movements in a rupture zone in the earth's crust...

Determination of effect of earthquake on building The effect of an earthquake on a building is determined by the : Time histories of t...

In skeleton structures, separate non- structural masonry walls by joints! In flexible skeleton structures , it can be beneficial to separate...

Match structural and non-structural element If deformation-sensitive non-structural partition walls and facade elements (e.g. of masonry...

REINFORCED STRUCTURAL MASONRY WALLS Reinforced structural masonry walls to resist earthquake actions A possible alternative to basic ...

Brace masonry buildings with reinforced concrete structural walls! Masonry is a good construction material in terms of thermal insulatio...

Avoid bracing of frames with masonry infills The frame structure is relatively flexible and somewhat ductile, while unreinforced masonry...

Avoid mixed systems with columns and masonry walls! The columns in combination with the slabs or beams form frames, which have smaller h...

Two slender reinforced concrete structural walls in each principal direction! Reinforced concrete structural walls of rectangular cross...

Discontinuities in stiffness and resistance cause problems ! Some time designer modifies the cross section of bracing systems over the...

Avoid bracing off sets Avoid bracing offsets  Horizontal bracing offset, in plane or out of plane, result when the position of the br...

Avoid asymmetric bracing! Asymmetric bracing is a frequent cause of building collapses during earthquakes. Column should also be able t...