Showing posts with label General. Show all posts
Showing posts with label General. Show all posts

Tuesday, February 14, 2017

CIVIL ENGINEER: 1cum cement = how much bag?





Assumptions:

1.Nominal mix is 1:2:4
2.Wastage of cement during handling is considered as :2%.
3.Output from mixer is considered as 67% in volume of the input.
( For getting 1 Cum output , we need dry mix as 1/0.67= 1.49 say 1.50 Cum).
4.Density of cement : 1440 Kg/cum.
   Mass of one bag   = 50kg
   Volume of one bag of cement = 50/1400 =0.035714 m3
    No. of bags in m3                  =1/0.035714 =28 bags

With these assumptions about data , the actual calculations are as follows :
Cement per CuM = 1.52 *28.8 /( 1+2+4 )
= 1.52*28.8/7 = 6.25 Bags

Same formula can be used for calculating cement for other nominal mixes also.
In case you feel that cement is wasted more than 2 % , proceed as under :
Wastage : 5 %
Take the factor of 1.5 +0.05 = 1.55 instead of 1.52 in the above formula.


Friday, February 10, 2017

Weight and Standard Size of Steel Plates



Weight and Standard Size of Steel Plates
Plates
Weight
Thickness (in mm)
(in kg/ sqm)
4.3
33.70
5
39.20
6
47.10
8
62.80
10
78.50
12
94.20
16
125.60
20
157.00
25
196.20
30
235.50

ROUND STEEL BARS WEIGHT PER METER LENGTH (Kg)

                                                            Round & Square Steel Bars

Dia (in mm)

Weight per meter length (kg)

Cross Sectional Area (cm2)

14
1.21
1.54
16
1.58
2.01
18
2.00
2.54
20
2.47
3.14
22
2.98
3.80
25
3.85
4.91
28
4.83
6.15
30
5.55
7.06
32
6.31
8.04
40
9.86
12.56
50
15.41
19.62
60
22.20
28.26
75
34.70
44.15

Introduction to Vastu shastra

Vastu Shastra

 Introduction:


Astrology is science and is applicable to buildings also. Whether one believes in astrology or not, it is accepted that there is predetermined destiny in the life of everyone. It is the subject of Astrology that helps a man to understand his fields of fortune or areas of adversity. By adopting astrological norms, the owner of the house and his family can derive peace, pleasure and prosperity.

 Elements of Astrology:


According to Astrology, the human frame provides the model fro designing dwelling houses. The entrance of houses facing East is the face. Two nitches made in the walls on either side serve as eyes, used for placing lights in the night. The window on either side of doorway is the nasal aperture through which the house respires. The courtyard after the main entrance is the lung. The length of the house in excess of breath.

Origin of Vaastupurush:


According to a myth in the Mastya Purana, a fight between Lord Shiva and a dark giant Andhakasur resulted in the creation of Vasstu, which enveloped the earth with his head pointed in the Northeast direction and the feet towards the southwest. From the cosmic image of the Vaastupurush, the concept of Vaastupurush mandala takes form. In the square of these mandalas, the center is the Brahma sthana, the site of the principal deity. Encircling it are the padas or the seats of the lesser deities. Around this in a mandala of 64 padas are 32 divinties that preside in these areas and positioning of various areas is derived from these.

The Vaastupurush mandala thus provides a formula to determine the functions of the builing in relation to orientation. After the completion of the building, the Vaastupurush mandala becomes an icon and it is for this reason that offerings are made to all gods at the time of grahapravesh for continued prosperity.

Classification of Vaastupurush:

 The Vaastupurush further has three manifestations:

  1. The Sthir vaastu
  2. The Char vaastu
  3. The Nitya vaastu

Meaning of Vasstu Shastra:
Vaastu shastra means building science and deals with:

  1. Principles involved in selection of sites.
  2. Configuration of plans, specifying orientation of rooms to cardinal directions.
  3. Selection of materials used for building construction.
  4. Dimensioning.
The common objectives of safety, comforts, elegance and economy are the prime considerations in the construction of a building.


Site Selection on basis of Astrological considerations

Following are Guidelines that are applicable in selection of sites on Astrological considerations but not have any Architectural/ Scientific Explanation.

1. The size of the room has its influence on the longerity, prosperity, popularity, etc.

2. The height of the compound wall should be not less than 2/3 rd the height of the main door.

3.The site should be examined thoroughly to ensure that the site is free from bones, iron, ash, charcoal, husk, skull, etc.

4.Adjacent properties can be purchased and added to the existing property if the adjacent property is towards the North East of the existing property. But property on South West should not be acquired and added with the existing one.

5.The rainwater from the neighboring plot from East or North and the sullage water from any direction should not flow towards the subject plot.

6. The use of Mango for joinery will get the blessings of God to the owner.

7.The picture of Lord Krishna playing the flute should not be hung in the pooja room, but can be placed in drawing room. In puja room, picture of Lord Krishna with his consort Radha along with cow and calf should be kept.

8.Partitioning of a house building is not advisable.

9.Fixing of main doors and windows:
Fixing up door should be when the Vaastu Purusha is lying down and i the portion of his stomach. The months on which the building was commenced have significant role in placing the doors in proper directions. The four months viz. Ani (June & July), Purattasi (September & October), Marghazhi (December & January), and Panguni (February & March) are not auspicious periods to commence the building. The direction on which the entrance door should face must be placed according to the rasis (Sign occupied by the Moon at the time of birth) of the owners to bring them fortune. The size of main door frame should be in ratio 9:5 for prosperity. The front door of the house should be lower than the internal door. The shutter should be fixed on the left side of the frame. The size of windows shall be in ratio of 3: 5. Total number of doors & Windows taken separately should be even in number and should not have zeros in the ending.

10.Position of other doors & windows:
Fixing of a front entrance door is one of the important events in a house building and this is commonly known as Vasakkal Muhurtham, or Dehali Dwara Thorana dhevata Prathista. The Navarthana is to be placed in the pit on the right side of the door frame before fixing it.
If Positioning of Door is on all three sides except east, than effect will be Fear or theft. If Position of door is on three side except south, than effect will be good.

11.Good and Bad omens:


The following are few good Owens at the time when the owner proceeds to commence the building or for house warming: 
                    Two cows, The religious Brahmins, A naked child.
The bad omens are:
Buffalo's, Widows, Sick people, Cow of black color.  

Vaastu Suggestion vs Architectural terms

Comparison between Guidelines provided on the basis of astrological considerations and engineering aspects.:



SI NO
Vaastu Suggestion:
Explanation in the Contemporary Architectural / Scientific terms:
1
2
3
1.
The low- lying areas, water brone or water locked areas or where streams flow or poisonous creatures exist are not considered as suitable house sites.
Low- lying areas are susceptible to floods, which will endanger the structure. The existence of poisonous creatures will be harmful to human life.
2.
The immediate vicinity of temples, water tanks, palace, and public places are not advisable to be selected as house sites. 
The calmness and privacy of the people living in the houses and the enviornment will be affected due to the floating population visiting public places.
3.

The level of the ground on the East and the North should be lower when compared to the level on South and West sides.
Normally, the prevailing wind is from South to North. Thus, if North is at lower level, the sewage and drainage can be disposed towards North so that the bad smell does not come towards the house.
4.
Test fro selection of site:
“The pit should be filled up with water in the evening and should be examined next day at sunrise. If, at least some water remains or if the pit is marshy, the house site will bring prosperity. If the entire water gets dried up or if there are fissures in the pit, the plot is inauspicious.”
The drying of water indicates that the soil is highly permeable i.e., loose sand having low bearing capacity. Fissures in pit indicate expansive clay, which shrinks and swells during summer and rainy days respectively. Both types of soils are not ideal for buildings. The presence of water indicates that the soil is clayey and is good for construction and plantation.
5.
The minimum height of ceiling should be 9’.
The National Building Code specifies minimum height of habitable room as 2.75 meters or 9’. It is important for proper lighting and ventilation.
6.
The minimum width of the outer walls should be 1 foot.
Thick wall has better resistance to dampness and has better thermal insulation.
As per Building standards, the minimum width of outer wall should be 13 ½ or 9” in case of brick walls.
7.
The length of wall should not be less than 3’ at any place.
Any wall having a length of less than 3’ will tend to buckle due to its slenderness.
8.
As far as possible, the shape of rooms should be rectangular. However, the ratio of the length to width should be 2:1 to get the best results.
For optimum utility of any room and arrangement of furniture, rectangular shape is better than square.
9.
The trees, which can be planted in a house site, are
a)      Tulsi
b)      Peepal
c)       Neem
d)      Palm
e)      Banyan
f)       Coconut
g)      Mango
h)      Citrus etc
The trees which are not recommended to be grown in a house site:-
a)      Datura
b)      Thorny tree etc
Black tulasi and peepal gives a lot of oxygen, thus they are good for health.

Neem has a lot of medicinal properties.

Palm liquid endosperm is highly nutritious and is used as refreshing drink. The solid endosperm is either eaten raw, cooked or it is expressed for edible oil which is used for cooking, used as component of shampoos, soaps.
Datura is a poisonous and it has thorn, so it is harmful for children. Therefore, they are not grown in a house.
10.
According to vastu shastra different types of roomare placed in different directions.
As sun rise from East, kitchen is placed towards East to have better light and ventilation. If prevailing wind is from South to North, room placed in South direction will have better light and air.
11.
Walls on South and West should be greater in height and also wider than the walls on North and East.
Wind direction is from South to North, thus walls on South need to be stronger to resist direct wind pressure.
12.
The land should not have pits.
The top good/ fertile soil may have been dug up for making bricks or filling some where else. Rain water gets accumulated in the pits and percolates in the sub soil thus reducing its bearing capacity. Due to the settlement of soil used for filling the pits, flooring will crack.
13.
Land should not have been eroded by water.
The area is flood prone, thus house should not be constructed. The top fertile soil which is good for plantation has been eroded. Land eroded by water may contain harmful sulphates / chemicals which affect durability of concrete.
14.
The wood that is to be used for doors are Teak, Mango, Neem, Palm, etc. Trees that have been damaged by heavy wind like cyclone should not be used.
Wood that is used for doors should be free from knots, shakes, cracks and other defects. Mango and Neem has well developed trunk. Teak is hard wood, and is used in making doors, window and ventilator. Teak can with stand extremes dryness.
15.
The door should not be made of different types of woods and only one type should be used for one door.
The expansion contraction due to moisture adsorption varies for different types of wood; hence, if door is made of different types of wood it will develop cracks.
16
The shutter of windows shall open outside.
Windows shutter if made to open inside will create obstruct inside the room.
17.
The suitability of the soil is determined by sowing a small quantity of paddy and water in a selected plot. The soil is well graded, dense and good for a building, if the paddy sprouts begins to appear on the third day.
Relative density of the soil is determined by refilling the excavated earth into a pit without consolidation. The soil is supposed to be superior, if no soil remains and the site is inferior, if the excavated soil does not fill the pit. The growth of paddy indicates that soil is fertile.
To determine soil density, a compression test is conducted at the site by Engineers.
These test help to determine safe bearing capacity of the soil and the foundation needed, its type, width and depth.